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The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose.

The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, longitude, terrain, altitude, land use and nearby water bodies and their currents.

Climates can be classified according to the average and typical variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation.

The most widely used classification scheme is the Köppen climate classification.

The major classifications in Thornthwaite's climate classification are microthermal, mesothermal, and megathermal.

Finally, the Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region.

Ocean currents are classified by temperature as either warm currents or cold currents.

Drifts, such as the North Atlantic Drift Current, involve the forward movement of surface ocean water under the influence of the prevailing wind.

Currents, such as the Labrador Current, involve the movement of oceanic water in a more definite direction at a greater velocity than drifts.

Streams, such as the Gulf Stream, involve movement of larger masses of ocean water with greater velocity than drifts or currents.

Ocean currents are patterns of water movement that influence climate zones and weather patterns around the world.

The two basic types of currents – surface and deep-water currents – help define the character and flow of ocean waters across the planet.

The Himalayas are approximately 50 million years old.

The range's formation is due to the collision between the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates.

The Himalayas are home to various flora and fauna species, including the snow leopard, Himalayan black bear, and the rhinoceros.

The Himalayas are a major water source for Asia, providing water to rivers like the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Yangtze.

The Himalayas are a popular destination for mountaineering and trekking enthusiasts, attracting thousands of visitors each year.

The Himalayas have a significant impact on Asia's climate, acting as a barrier to cold air from the north.

Two of the top ten rivers by discharge are tributaries of the Amazon river.

The Amazon represents 20% of the global riverine discharge into oceans.

It later became known as Rio Amazonas in Spanish and Portuguese.

The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world, with an area of approximately 7,000,000 square kilometers (2,700,000 sq mi).

The portion of the river's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river's basin.

The name Rio Amazonas was reportedly given after native warriors attacked a 16th-century expedition by Francisco de Orellana.

In the 16th century, cartographers like Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Ortelius revolutionized mapmaking.

Cartography has advanced significantly with the advent of technology, particularly with the use of GIS (Geographic Information Systems).

Map projections are essential in cartography, as they enable us to visualize Earth's surface on a two-dimensional plane.

Cartographers consider factors like scale, orientation, and labeling when creating maps to ensure accuracy and clarity.

Cartography plays a crucial role in various fields, including navigation, urban planning, disaster management, and research.

The International Map of the World (IMW) is a collaborative effort among countries to create a standardized world map.

It covers 9 million square kilometres (3,500,000 sq mi), 31% of the African continent.

To the south it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan region of sub-Saharan Africa.

The Sahara is so large and bright that, in theory, it could be detected from other stars as a surface feature of Earth, with near-current technology.

The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi, a shield volcano in the Tibesti range of northern Chad.

The central Sahara is hyperarid, with sparse vegetation.

The predicted urban population growth is equivalent to approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050, much of which will occur in Africa and Asia.

In the long term, urbanization is expected to significantly impact the quality of life in negative ways.

Urbanization can be seen as a specific condition at a set time (e.g.

In 2021, the world's population reached 7.9 billion people.

The world's population grows by approximately 2 million people per day.

Between 1950 and 2020, the world's population increased by 3 billion people.

The global life expectancy at birth is 72 years.

In 2021, the world's population density is 54 people per square kilometer.

Population pyramids illustrate the age and sex distribution of a population.